Agrivoltaics: Growing Crops Under Solar Panels
Agrivoltaics combines agriculture and solar power on the same land. Farmers can grow crops beneath elevated solar panels while generating clean energy from the sunlight above. This dual-use model allows farmland to stay productive while supporting renewable energy goals.
The approach helps protect soil, manage water use, and create new income streams for rural communities. Yet, it also introduces electrical and structural safety concerns that must be addressed before installation or maintenance.
Safety First on Dual-Use Solar Farms
Solar panels on farmland operate under the same electrical codes that apply to residential and commercial arrays. High-voltage conductors, grounding systems, and inverters are present, and each can pose shock or fire hazards if damaged or improperly installed.
Homeowners and small-scale farmers should avoid:
- Opening junction boxes or inverter covers
- Working on live wiring or connectors
- Modifying panel tilt or racking systems without engineering review
If you see exposed wires, burnt insulation, or panels shifting in high winds, disconnect the system at the main shutoff if it is safe to do so, then call a licensed electrician or solar technician immediately.
Each system must follow the National Electrical Code and local permitting requirements. The authority having jurisdiction, often the local building or electrical department, will confirm grounding, overcurrent protection, and labeling before energizing the system.
How Agrivoltaics Works
Elevated solar panels create partial shade that reduces heat stress on some crops. The cooler microclimate can help maintain soil moisture and improve yields for plants that tolerate filtered light, such as leafy greens, berries, and certain herbs.
The panels also reduce direct evaporation from irrigation, conserving water during dry periods. In return, the crops help cool the panels through evapotranspiration, which can slightly improve solar efficiency.
A standard agrivoltaic layout includes:
- Panels mounted higher than standard arrays, often six to ten feet above ground
- Wider spacing between rows for sunlight penetration
- Adjustable tilt mechanisms to manage light distribution throughout the season
Electrical and Structural Considerations
Designing a safe agrivoltaic system requires careful integration of electrical and agricultural needs. Conduit should be routed to avoid machinery paths and livestock areas. All connections must use listed wire connectors rated for outdoor use.
The racking structure must handle both wind and snow loads while maintaining clearance for farm equipment. Corrosion-resistant materials such as galvanized steel and anodized aluminum improve longevity in humid or soil-contact conditions.
Ground-fault protection and surge protection devices are essential. A licensed electrician should verify torque on all terminal connections using a calibrated torque screwdriver. Regular infrared inspections can detect overheating or loose connections early.
Managing Operations and Maintenance
Routine inspection is critical. Dust, pollen, and crop residue can reduce panel output. Cleaning with low-pressure water and soft brushes helps maintain efficiency. Avoid harsh detergents that may damage coatings.
Farmers should schedule electrical testing at least once per season. Inspect for damaged conduit, rodent activity near cables, and corrosion at ground points. Keep vegetation trimmed around inverter pads and combiner boxes to reduce fire risk.
If the system shares power with irrigation or refrigeration equipment, verify that all circuits are correctly labeled and protected by GFCI or AFCI devices where required.
Planning and Professional Support
Before installing an agrivoltaic system, contact both your county agricultural extension and a licensed solar contractor. They can assess crop compatibility, shading models, and grid interconnection options.
Agrivoltaics offers a balanced path between food production and renewable energy. With proper design, code compliance, and regular inspections, farms can safely produce both harvests and clean electricity on the same land.